The Fictions of Borges · Theology
Den hemlige Frälsaren
also known as The Secret Saviour; Der heimliche Heiland; Kristus och Judas
Nils Runeberg
A Swedish theologian's masterpiece, in which Judas is not the betrayer of God but God — the Word made flesh as the worst of men.
The heresy is not that Judas is interesting. The heresy is that a pious man, reasoning from the Incarnation, cannot stop.
First book: Judas is the necessary counterpart — the Word lowered itself to flesh, so a man must lower himself to infamy, or the sacrifice is asymmetrical. The bishop of Lund points at Luke. Runeberg revises. Second version: Judas is the greater ascetic. Other men mortify the body; he mortified the spirit, and gave away honour, the good, and the Kingdom. Third book, the masterpiece: if God became man, he became capable of sin, and to be fully man he became the worst of men. Judas is the secret saviour. Den hemlige Frälsaren is, Borges says, a perversion or exacerbation of Kristus och Judas. The conclusion was there from the epigraph.
This catalogue already has a scripture that kills its god by being believed (the Septateuch) and a lost Aristotle that kills its readers by being read (the second Poetics). Runeberg’s book kills its author by being thought through. He is not a blasphemer having a joke. He is a member of the Evangelical Union who followed a sentence to the place it went.
Menard wanted to arrive at the Quixote. Runeberg wanted to arrive at the Gospels. Both men got what they asked for, and neither was forgiven for it.
On the readability rating. The three doctrines are given; the dialectic, Borges says, is withheld. We have the heresies. We do not have the pages.
In-world history
Nils Runeberg, of the National Evangelical Union, published Kristus och Judas at Lund in 1904, revised it under criticism, and in 1909 issued Den hemlige Frälsaren, of which a German translation appeared in 1912. The theologians of all the confessions refuted him. He died, the story says, a death of anonymity in the streets of Malmö, having concluded that God had revealed a secret not meant to be known.
Why it matters
Borges does not write a gospel. He writes the bibliography of a man who could not stop rewriting one. Each version of Judas is more devout than the last, and devotion is what does the damage.
Appearances
- Three Versions of Judas (1944) — Jorge Luis Borges Tres versiones de Judas, in Ficciones; Runeberg of Lund, whose two books are the three heresies
Connected volumes
- Related to Pierre Menard's Quixote · The Fictions of Borges
- Related to The Second Book of the Poetics · The Name of the Rose
- Related to The Septateuch · Discworld
- Related to The Grand Inquisitor · The Brothers Karamazov
Also from this world
- The Approach to Al-Mu'tasim · Novel
- April March · Novel
- The Book of Sand · Impossible object
- A First Encyclopaedia of Tlön · Encyclopaedia
- The Garden of Forking Paths · Labyrinth novel
- The God of the Labyrinth · Detective novel
- The Map of the Empire · Map
- Pierre Menard's Quixote · Novel
Catalogue record
- Category
- Theology
- World
- The Fictions of Borges
- Imagined by
- Jorge Luis Borges
- Language
- Swedish; a German version by Emil Schering, 1912
- First appearance
- Ficciones (Sur / Editorial Sur, 1944)
- Readability
- Described
Sources
- Jorge Luis Borges, "Tres versiones de Judas", in Ficciones (Editorial Sur, 1944).
Added by house · last checked 2026-09-06